Influence and Power of Mass Media - 1311 Words

The topic of influence and power of mass media has become important among researchers of communication field since the moment it appeared. It is difficult to underestimate the potential and the role which mass media plays in people’s lives, still some of the researchers are concerned with relatively limited media’s control and impact on society. They claim that the content of a message is just one factor which defines the reaction of audiences; therefore, in order to decrease the chance of unexpected response to the message these factors have to be taken into account. The review is going to examine three studies, which are written by Fearing (1954), Tichenor, Donohue amp; Olien (1970) and Noelle-Neemann (1974). Fearing was the first out†¦show more content†¦Therefore Fearing says that it is extremely difficult for communicator to transmit ideas, because people decode them according to their values and believes. Tichenor et al., nevertheless, also came up with several factors which determine person’s exposure to information. In that way Fearing and Tichenor et al. agree on the following points that influence the way a person interprets a message: socioeconomic status, existing knowledge, cognitive structures and the nature of the medium. Socioeconomic status stands for education and the existing knowledge implies perceiving a message according to already stored information and experience. Cognitive structures allow a person to perceive information selectively according to his/her values and beliefs. And, finally, the nature of the medium is seen as helping to strengthen the content. Even though Fearing and Tichenor et al. have much in common, still the latter put educational background at the heart of their position, while Fearing has education as just one of the factors; he also refers to need-value-motivational system and situational factors. One of the Fearing situational factors is concerned with a climate of opinion, which is the main focus of the research for Noelle-Neemann. She found that before people express their own views they first observe opinion trends – which are the most popular, which are less; based on that people decide whether to express themselvesShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Mass Media1003 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone’s comprehension is different and unique in reality. When a person receives a message from mass media, he tells the message which is from mass media to another person. These two people understand what does this message means; however, they may have different comprehension of this message. People can think about each message and analyze a message in a different way because they have their own idea. For example, when people do a survey for a film, some people may think this film is very good;Read More‚Äà ºMass Media (Television, the Internet, Advertising) Influ ence Youth Too Much Nowadays.‚Äà ¹ to What Extent Is This True?794 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media (television, the internet, advertising) influence youth too much nowadays.† To what extent is this true? In the recent years, the prevalence of mass media has been undeniable. All over the world, youths have access to mass media through their smartphones, television sets and computers. In such a media-driven world, it is no surprise that mass media has come to play a substantial role in the attitudes and mindsets of youth. To a large extent, mass media does have the power to influenceRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1719 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world society believes that mass media plays a key role in shaping and communicating our culture. Mass Media is defined as a technological advancement of communication. People receive information about the world through mass media and it helps shape people’s beliefs, values, perception, and behavior. Mass media is a controversial topic among sociologists, many of them have differentiating opinions of how mass media is influencing people daily lives today. Through this research analysisRead MoreThe Effects Of Me dia On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questionsRead MoreMass Society Theory Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Mass Society Theory Comprised a vast workforce of people who lived isolated and unfulfilled lives. They were slaves to jobs, bosses and living in crowded urban settings . Their lives were consistent with Marx’s â€Å"alienated masses† Scholars blamed the media for the rise of fascism History of Mass Society Theory During the 1920’s, Hearst and Pulitzer changed their ways and became serious about reporting the news The American Society of Newspaper Editors formed and pledged toRead MoreEssay on Mass Medias Political Power967 Words   |  4 PagesMass Medias Political Power There are two main issues regarding media influence in politics 1. Does presentation and coverage affect voting behaviour and choices? 2. Do media have an impact on political struggle and decide nature of debates? Definitions of mass media Mass media are channels of communication through which messages flow, produced by a few for consumption by many people. As the messages go through the channels, they are distortedRead MoreThe Effect Of Mass Media On The Politics Of The United States896 Words   |  4 Pages Influence of Mass Media on the Politics of the United States Mass media can be a powerful tool, but it can also be a hindrance to the public if the facts are not checked. From the invention of the printing press, radio, television, and the internet mass media has revolutionized the way the public gathers information each and every day. Many of the sources we use for gaining knowledge and facts on current events today are controlled by a very small group. This small group controls many of the ideologiesRead MoreEffect of Media and Mass Communication Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is a powerful presence within the lives of others. It can be described as the main channel of mass communication. Media is often used to deliver a message to a large audience who are diverse. It can be written, broadcast or spoken. Media is a significant force within modern culture. Culture can be defined as the norms and values of a society. In our culture, the communications media hold an influential place in disseminating information, forming attitudes, and motivating behaviour. TechnologicalRead MoreMedia and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Mass Communications development on a Healthy Mature Culture This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferredRead MoreThe Political Economy And Cultural Studies Theories1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mass media plays an important role in the society by providing entertainment, information and acting as the government’s overseer. Several scholars have developed philosophies that help people understand how mass media fulfills its roles in the society. For example, Horkheimer and Adorno have constructed theories that explain the functions and impacts of mass media in the society across the globe (Mosco, 2008). The central theme in all mass communication models entails the meaning of media contents

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence an increasingly advance thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood (Oakley 2004). It was Piaget who first noted that children learned difficulty than adults do in the ways in which they thought about and interpreted the world (Oakley 2004). He’s ideas were that adults did not simply know more than children, but that their knowledge of the world was structured differently. Piaget suggested that children at different stages of their development thought about and interpreted their world in many different ways (Oakley 2004). Ther e are three main principals of Piaget’s theory along with the four stage of cognitive development that will be discussed in the paper below. Thanks to Piaget, the theory of cognitive development has made a significant impact in the way that teachers teach in the classroom today. Three Main Principles of Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory ofShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1045 Words   |  5 Pageshave shaped our understandings of the human mind and our behaviors. Jean Piaget was by no means an exception. Piaget was a clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Over the course of his later career in child psychology, he identified four stages of mental development that took into account young people s development from basic object identification t o highly abstract thought. This paperRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1553 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget is considered to be very influential in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget had many influences in his life which ultimately led him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. His theory has multiple stages and components. The research done in the early 1900’s is still used today in many schools and homes. People from various cultures use his theory when it comes to child development. Although there are criticisms and alternatives to his theory, it is still largelyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I want to analyse Jean Piaget’s (1936) stage theory of cognitive development and Erik Erikson’s (1959) theory on stage development. Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development where Erikson’s applies a more psychosocial lens. I will be analysin g the key concepts of each theory and comparing them to see the similarities and differences in the theorists thinking. Piaget’s theory is made up of four stages. The first stage was the sensitometer stage. This occurs from birth to twoRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development877 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget is one of many theorists to have proposed ideas about development. However he was the first to make a methodical study of cognitive development. In his theory Piaget describes four main stages of psychological development which he believes children move through. His theory suggests that each stage helps to construct the next; leading cognitive abilities to become more advanced as we grow older. When taking into consideration discontinuity and continuity; Piaget’s cognitive stages leansRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s theory of development many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget arguesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive And Affective Development1693 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget Timothy Carlton Southwest Tennessee Community College A Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For Life Span Psychology 2130-L01 July 31, 2014 â€Æ' â€Æ' Abstract Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive and Affective Development is a result of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding mental processes and the behaviors presented by those processes. Piaget’s theory encompasses developmentRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development895 Words   |  4 Pageshave contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He is one of the mostRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small set

Management Impact On The Worker of EasyJet Airlines Company

Questions: 1. Critically analyse how the approaches to management impact on the worker in each organisation/department?2. Compare and contrast the structure and culture of both organisations and explain how both impact on their business performance? 3. Identify and analyse the motivational theories you believe management at each of your chosen organisations adopt and evaluate the effectiveness of both in motivating the workforce? Answer: 1. The two companies the managerial approaches that best suits the organization. The airways industry is not so fluctuating in any manner so the application of the managerial approaches do not change as frequently. Though, the pattern of use may vary with change in the labour force. Shortfalls of Human resource approach at Cathay pacific airways: 1. Limited to classroom lectures: The HRM approach should include more training and development but it is actually confined to class room lectures and orientation. 2. Difficulty in assessing: The HRM approach is for the management as a whole and does not work for the organisation as a whole; hence it is difficult to assess the approach. Shortfalls of scientific management at EasyJet airways: 1. The Scientific approach is a classical approach so it gives the whole authority to the supervisors and to the employees, so the employees find less scope to develop and are not flexible in generating new ideas. 2. The job of the employees becomes very monotonous and they face boredom after a very short time. The scope of changing the environment is very less. The pattern of job is the same every day. 3. Due to excessive specialization of the supervisors/managers, the employees cannot take their own decisions. Shortfalls of Blue Ocean Strategy at EasyJet Airways: The Blue Ocean strategy is fine strategy for many firms, but in case of others it is like a fast moving strategy, cost, leadership, differentiation or focus strategy may be far more successful. Bleu Ocean model is a theoretical model that was revelation for many managers. The employees have very less to do with the strategy as it is completely under the control of the managers. Of course, the strategy is designed keeping in mind the welfare of the employees. The strategy has to do very little with the employees. 2. Easy jet is has an organizational culture that is committed to develop a high performance culture and promoting employee engagement. The company believes in delivering excellent customer service. The organisational culture of Easy jet is friendly and positive. They aim to render the best services to its customers, in order to attain this aim they have maintained an excellent chain of communication with their employees. The employees enjoy working in the organization and the rate of absenteeism is slow. 2012 2013 Attendance rate of the staff 95% 96% Employee turnover 7.5% 6.5% [SOURCE: (corporate.easyjet.com, 2015)] The source showing the attendance percentage of the employees of Easy Jet shows the low rate of absenteeism and employee turnover rate in the organization. In the year 2012, the staff attendance was 95% and it rose to 96% in the year 2013. There was increase in the level of attendance in the succeeding year. The same goes with the rate of staff turnover rate. The staff turnover rate was 7.5% in the year and 6.5% in the year 2013. This shows a declining level of staff turnover, which means the employees are well satisfied with the management and its policies. Recognition and Rewards to the employees: The company offers a spirited reward package and salaries to its employees for good performances. The company focuses to provide its employees more cash benefits than fixed salaries. The incentive package includes a bonus that is driven by an annual performance, the company also provides benefits based on personal and company performance, it grants shares to its executives (McShane, Travaglione and Olekalns, 2012). The company based on the performance of the airline encourages its employees with good yearly bonus so that continue to be a part of the strategic development of the company (Shaw, 2011). Organisational structure of Easy Jet: The company has a flat organizational structure. There are very few hierarchical levels and symbols in the structure. Sources (Corporate.easyjet.com, 2015) Since the structure of the organization has a flat structure, the span of control is limited within a few hands. The authority to order is also low. This helps the organization in handling confusion of delegation. The work process is simple and easy to delegate (Mattes, 2011). The impact of this organizational structure and organizational culture: 1. The organizational culture is simple and positive, they aim to achieve excellence and this obviously has a positive impact on the company. 2. Employees in the company understand the meaning of a cultured organisation. Organisational culture at Cathay airways: The organisational culture at Cathay airways is very collaborative. They have an employee assistance programme that supports its staffs. Information and counselling are provided to employees on work related issues, employee grievances, trauma etc. this employee assistance programme helps the company in being more attached to its employees (Flouris and Lock, 2009). In fact, Cathay airways are a very employee friendly organization that supports its employee. The company also has a huge employee retention capability (Cathay Pacific, 2015). The work cultural at Cathay airways promotes diversity, mutual respect and trust. This is not seen in all the companies in Hong Kong (Nyampong, 2013). Australia 1% Canada 5% Hong Kong 51% India 2% Indonesia 3% Japan 6% Korea 3% Malaysia 6% Philippines 6% Singapore 3% Taiwan 6% Thailand 3% United Kingdom 3% United States 3% Organisational structure of Cathay airways: The organisational structure of Cathay airways is also flat. The companies in aviation industry generally prefer to have flat organizational structure. This organizational structure as mentioned above is very simple and easy to understand by the employees. The span of control is in few hands just like Easy Jet airways and the benefit is to both the employees and the organisations. The organisation does not have to spend much on getting huge paid executives and they do not face confusion of a huge organization structure (Buelens, 2011). Leadership at the companies Leadership at EasyJet Airlines Company is something that the company values. They believe that the success comes from the people within the organization. Thus the company ensures that it has capable leaders and managers who will drive the people to deliver results in the present and in the future. The company spends considerable time developing leadership teams and incorporating leadership qualities in the people. this is done so that he leaders of the company are able to understand the strategies of the company. Moreover it allows the company to understand the challenges associated with the business and also lead the teams so that they are able to deliver according to the strategies of the company. The company introduced a management development programme so as to train the employees and also to help the people to understand the way the company earns commercial success with the help of the employees. In Cathay airways the people or the employees are managed by the respective departments in Dragonair, Cathay Pacific, and their subsidiaries. At Cathay Pacific, this is leaded by their Director Personnel and by the Head of Personnel at Dragonair. The companys code of conduct sets out the rules and the principles that are to be followed by the employees for achieving the commercial success of the company. The rules see that the employees of the company and also the subsidiary are maintains the rules regarding the code of conduct and the respect for the organisation are to be ensured by giving them proper guidelines. The company aims to make sure that their employees are flexible, productive, and competent and also operate within a fit environment. The company ensures this through a process of training and development programmes. The company attempts to handle the people in a method that recognises variety and diversity. 3. Maslow`s need hierarchy states about the various needs of an employee at work. This needs have to satisfy so that an employee can work properly in an organization. The first need that Maslow talks about is the biological or the physiological needs. This comprises of the basic need that a normal human being has. This need includes food, water, shelter, sleep, sex etc. the next need that Maslow has propounded is the safety needs. The safety needs includes social security, stability, freedom from fear etc. An employee then tries to satisfy his needs for belongingness and love. This friendship, affection and love are very important needs as man is a social being and he cannot live alone on this world. A man feels motivated when he has family and love bonding. When a man has fulfilled his needs of love and affection, he starts looking for esteem needs. Esteem is a very important factor. His self-respect, prestige, and dominance make him feel his existence in the society. The final stag e of self- actualization then arrives. In self-actualization, a person goes above all the bondages of life. He tries to find out his true potentials and self-fulfilment. He peaks off experiences and achieves self-fulfilment and growth (Bissell, 2012). In Cathay airways the employees are motivated by the Maslow`s need hierarchy theory. The physiological needs are satisfied as the employees are well paid and the issue of survival are secured. The security needs are fulfilled by stable working conditions and ample of benefits that an employee gains from the work. Very cooperative peers and good employers satisfy the social concerning needs of the employees. The respect and recognition needs are fulfilled by the incentives and job titles that they earn at work. When the employees achieve a level of self-actualization they become the subject matter experts and attain a higher level of achievements and gain huge respect in the organization (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart, 2009). The Glass ceiling theory of motivation: The Glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that restricts an individual from achieving success in an organization. It is mostly seen in the situation of an individual`s gender, ethnicity, age etc This is seen mostly at a workplace. An example of glass ceiling would be that of with women. Woman in an organization with better education, merit and talent than any male employee is not promoted to higher position, regardless of better skills this is glass ceiling theory. In this (A, 2013) theory it is propounded that nothing can stop a woman from rising in a hierarchy. However, in real life the female employees face many troubles at work place. Employees in an organization irrespective of their age, sex and other abilities are entitled to get promoted to various higher positions but when some barriers restrict them from doing so come under the purview of glass ceiling theory. In Easy Jet airways, the woman employees are given fair chances and the flight crew of the airways comprises of huge female employees. These female employees have been able to help the company in many ways to develop the business. The company truly believes in encouraging female power. The manager in the company is mostly females who look after the various departments. Conclusion Managing employees and organization takes into account the various approaches and the approaches that are used in EasyJet airways and Cathay airways discussed in the study. The motivational theories that encourage employees to perform well should be implemented in the organization. These theories help the organization in employee engagement, their development, retention and motivation. Some employees welcome this organizational culture and structure and there are employees who face trouble in doing so. The managers have to be very precise in dealing with such employees because this becomes the basis of employee retention and turnovers. The organization has to involve its employees in all the planning; it would make the employee feel included and valued. The organizations while applying the motivational theories also try to take feedbacks whether the employees really feel motivated or not. The employee`s annual performance analysis is very necessary to estimate the approaches of manag ement. Recommendation Both the companies must ensure that they handle the employees well so that they help in realising the goals of the organisation. Moreover the employees need to have proper training so that they are able to work along with the changing demands of the organisation as well as the airlines industry. The person who avails this mode of transport seeks comfort and luxuries. The employees must ensure that the people are getting what they need and their requirements are fulfilled. The employees must be motivated and properly incentivised so that they are motivated to work hard and they associate with their work. Moreover the employees needs to feel assure that the management are by their side during the time of emergencies. Constant training to the employees can improve their performances and they will also be motivated and their performances will also be improved. References A, M. (2013).Organisational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Abdelghany, A. and Abdelghany, K. (2009).Modeling applications in the airline industry. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C. (2009).The global airline industry. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley. Bissell, G. (2012).Organisational behaviour for social work. Bristol, UK: Policy. Buelens, M. (2011).Organisational Behaviour. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Cathay Pacific, (2015).Start your adventure with Cathay Pacific today. [online] Available at: https://www.cathaypacific.com/cx/en_IN.html?cm_mmc=SEM-IN-_-GEN-MKT-27JAN15-_-GOOGLE-_-Brand_EN_Sitelink_2014_Exact-BCX_EN_sitelink_2014-cathay+pacific+com-61679380578 [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Corporate.easyjet.com, (2015).High performance culture - easyJet plc. [online] Available at: https://corporate.easyjet.com/corporate-responsibility/our-people/high-performance-culture.aspx?sc_lang=en [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Flouris, T. and Lock, D. (2009).Managing aviation projects from concept to completion. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Mattes, J. (2011).Innovation in Multinational Companies. Frankfurt: Lang, Peter, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. McShane, S., Travaglione, A. and Olekalns, M. (2012).Organisational behaviour. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw Hill Australia. Nyampong, Y. (2013).Insuring the air transport industry against aviation war and terrorism risks and allied perils. Berlin: Springer. Shaw, S. (2011).Airline marketing and management. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. Stolzer, A., Halford, C. and Goglia, J. (2011).Implementing safety management systems in aviation. Surrey, England: Ashgate. Williams, A. (2009).Contemporary issues shaping China's civil aviation policy. Farnham, England: Ashgate.

The Historical Period Of One Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich Livin

The Historical Period of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: Living Eight Years in a Day One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich is a story of a man, Ivan Denisovich, during only one day of his sentence in a labor camp in Russia. The novel recounts in a fictional story, the experiences of Solzhenitsyn himself, and of his observations during his "stay" as a foundryworker and bricklayer, just as Shukov was in Solzhenitsyn's novel (One Day... 204). Sent to the Special Camps of Stalin in 1950, he experienced the life of a camp laborer as a political prisoner (Solzhenitsyn 1). Later exiled for life, he began work on the book secretly and recalled the memories with which he constructed the story, yet historical account, of life in a soviet labor camp. Within the text of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, one finds constant references to the actual dress, code of conduct, and language of the prisoners. For example, Shukov, the main character, is a member of gang 104, number S-854 (One Day... 4,6). During their imprisonment, the laborers were assigned numbers of identification: Not only was this an attempt to keep a foothold on some type of organization of the prisoners, but it was also a device of the government to psychologically destroy the individuality of each prisoner, making him a number, burning his name with the clothes that he'd worn on the train ride to the camp (Ratushinskaya ch.4). This practice was much like and even patterned after the practices of the Nazis in their camps in which they imprisoned and humiliated the Jews. Similarly, the crimes for which soviet prisoners were charged ranged from general criminal offenses to ludicrous breaches of petty laws and incriminating political whispers--anything that may remotely threaten the safety of Stalin's position in power. Historical documentation of these offenses finds not only Solzhenitsyn himself imprisoned for his "anti-Stalinism" remarks embedded within a discreet letter to a friend (Solzhenitsyn 1), but also the imprisonment of other authors as well. For example, Pasternak and Akhmatova were silenced by Stalin's iron fist for their anti-Stalinist poetry, though brilliant and exquisite (Yarmolinsky 191). Furthermore, attesting to the historical accuracy of the novel, this imprisonment of poets is found in Irina Ratushiskaya's documentation of her own imprisonment as an young, up-and-coming shining star in Russian literature, only to have her efforts quaffed, burned, and she herself, subjected to live as a zek, or prisoner, in the camp (Ratushinskaya ch. 3, 5, 10). Zek-life, as it was called by Ratushinskaya in her book Grey is the Color of Hope, was much like that of the prisoners in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich; Irina, imprisoned nearly 45 years after the time period in which One Day... was set. The vulgar language and unabashed forwardness of both wardens and prisoners exhibits the baseness of the camps(One Day... xiix). Solzhenitsyn described the zeks as being supplied with a minimal amount of clothing and barely minimal amount of food, subjected to strip searches in the middle of winter, and expected to work everyday, maintaining their health (One Day... 37) "Each prisoner was allowed one shirt and one vest. Everything else had to come off.." was the mandate for clothing (One Day... 37). Later is said about Shukov and of the lack of food, "The amount of oats Shukov fed to the horses when he was a boy, and he never thought he'd long for a handful himself one day!"Subjected to the extreme cold of the region, the dampness of the bui ldings, the lack of food, prisoners suffered emotionally, physically, and spiritually. `One of the main elements of persecution was based on differences in beliefs: A Baptist, even--anyone whose beliefs may conflict with the efforts of The Party (One Day... 38)--stood his ground beneath the persecution of Stalin. This example was one, even though a fictional one, of many. Documented in Ratushinskaya's book is the plight of the "nuns" who, in their refusal to leave their traditional faith to join the reconstructed Russian Orthodox Church (Ratushinskaya 53). Similarly, have other orientations been persecuted as well, including sexual orientation. The noted author and Russian Literary great Pushkin was himself a