Assess the Ontological Argument Essay Example for Free

Assess the Ontological Argument Essay The ontological argument was first formulated by St. Anselm in the 11th century. It argues the existence of God from a deductive and a priori stance. God is a being than which none greater can be conceived. This is the response given by St Anselm to the fool in the psalm who believed there was no God. St Anselm the Archbishop of Canterbury and of the Benedictine Order explained that for God to exist in the mind he would not be the greatest being. However were God to exist in the mind and reality this would make a being ‘than which none greater can be conceived’, this means God must exist. This demonstration for the existence of God was immediately criticised by his contemporary Gaunilon. He argued that Anselm’s argument could easily be used to prove the existence of many different beings or even places. In Gaunilon’s ‘response on the behalf of the fool’, he argued that he could conceive of a perfect island ‘blessed with all manners of delight’, yet it did not mean it must exist. However, Anselm responded to this claim arguing that a perfect island contains contingency; it is dependent, whereas God possesses aseity, is self-sufficient. This means that God’s existence is therefore, necessary, independent. Descartes famously wrote his version of the ontological argument in the ‘Meditations’ in which he argued that God is an infinite being, perfect. For God to remain perfect he must then retain existence. He used the illustration of a triangle with three angles which all add up to 180 degrees. This quality of the triangle allows the triangle to be perfect and to be defined as a triangle. If the angles were taken away from the triangle it would no longer be a triangle. This is similar as to God; he could not be God if he did not exist. This proves according to Descartes that God’s existence is necessary. But, it can be argued that the ontological argument is using an analytic format to define God as existing. Immanuel Kant refutes this as he believes that existence as a predicate or property cannot define God. For instance, the analytic statement ‘a spinster is an unmarried woman’ is tautological and true by definition. But if you were to add the predicate existence it would have no direct effect on the statement, this means that existence cannot be a property of God. David Hume also went on to support this idea, as we cannot prove that existence is even a positive attribute, we know that ‘evil’ exists yet could this ‘existence’ be the same as the ‘existence’ of God? They would argue that the ontological argument failed to understand and make existence a meaning of God. However, there have been responses by other philosophers such as Frege who argues that existence is actually a first level predicate which is able to explain the second level predicate. For instance, the ‘greenness of the apple’ is known through our senses but by adding ‘the greenness exists’ we are able to understand that such a predicate exists in reality. This means that ‘God exists’ allows us to understand that such a being as powerful as God does exist in reality as well as the mind. However from an empirical view, Thomas Aquinas would argue that the flaw in the ontological arguments attempt to demonstrate God’s existence stems from the fact that Anselm wanted to argue that God’s existence can be proven from ‘de dicto’ instead of what is ‘real’, and this caused the argument to be weak. On the other hand, some will still argue that St Anselm and the ontological argument is still strong in the second half, ‘God is a necessary being’. This is due to the fact that only God’s existence can be either necessary or impossible and because it is possible, God is proven to exist. To evaluate the whole ontological arguments’ attempt to prove and demonstrate God’s existence, it is clear due to the deductive stance, it shouldn’t be argued as the conclusion drawn must be ‘God is a necessary being’, ‘God is a being than which none greater can be conceived’. But as soon as you understand that definition you will find that it could be used to prove the existence of many things and beings. The ontological argument proves the idea that if God exists he is going to be a necessary being, but it does not prove that he actually does exist. Therefore as Richard Dawkins would describe it ‘infinite, playground argument’ and does not demonstrate God’s existence.

Karl Marx :: essays research papers fc

Karl Marx The most influential person pre-1900   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If a fair list were given, †¦, it would seem reasonable to say that he was bad tempered, caustic, fierce, vain, self-sacrificing, selfish, whining, capable of great love, a good father, a lover of mankind, fatherly to all, honest, scrupulous, tender, brilliant, eminently rational, racist in an off hand manner, irony as an art, a person obsessed with irony, obsessive in general, flexible, a brilliant politician, but a candid one as they go.†(Olson 11) Hopefully we have all heard the name Karl Marx at some time or another, but what did he do that’s so important? Marx was a great influence from before 1900, but his influences are also felt throughout this century. Marx was the most influential person in world history before 1900 because he developed a new form of government, Marxism influenced several world leaders, and Marxism can be linked to such important events as the Russian Revolution and the Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason Marx is so important is because of the political philosophy that he developed, appropriately dubbed Marxism and commonly called Communism. Marx’s goal was to spiritually release mankind by freeing him of his economic chains and allowing him to find harmony with his fellow man and with nature (Fromm 3). Marx’s interests in economics started when he wrote two extensive essays on the position of Eifel peasants and Moselle vinegrowers (Leonhard 4). His interests were also engaged by the labor movement, which the effects of were just becoming apparent (Leonhard 4). As talk about communist ideas first began to rise, Marx was reserved about his opinions (Leonhard 4). In spite of his reservations, Marx heavily researched the contemporary French literature on socialism and Communism, and in 1843 moved to Paris, the heart of the revolutionary movement (Leonhard 4). While in Paris, one of the most important events of his stay occurred, his meeti ng with Friedrich Engels. â€Å"This was the beginning of a lifelong friendship and collaboration of the founders of scientific socialism.† (Leonhard 5) Marx and Engels emphasized the connection of socialist aims, economic reality, and the struggle of the working class (Leonhard 5-6). In 1847 Marx was invited to join the â€Å"League of the Just† which was later renamed the â€Å"Communist League†(Leonhard 6). Marx and Engels were instructed to work out a political program form the Communist League (Leonhard 6-7). Engels sketched a draft of questions and answers know as the Principles of Communism, after reworking by Marx this became the Communist manifesto (Leonhard 7).

Software Requirements Specification Template

Software Requirements Specification Template CptS 322—Software Engineering 9 February 2005 The following annotated template shall be used to complete the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) assignment of WSU-TC CptS 322. The instructor must approve any modifications to the overall structure of this document. Template Usage: Text contained within angle brackets (‘’) shall be replaced by your project-specific information and/or details.For example, will be replaced with either ‘Smart Home’ or ‘Sensor Network’. Italicized text is included to briefly annotate the purpose of each section within this template. This text should not appear in the final version of your submitted SRS. This cover page is not a part of the final template and should be removed before your SRS is submitted. Acknowledgements: Sections of this document are based upon the IEEE Guide to Software Requirements Specification (ANSI/IEEE Std. 30-1984). The SRS templates o f Dr. Orest Pilskalns (WSU, Vancover) and Jack Hagemeister (WSU, Pullman) have also be used as guides in developing this template for the WSU-TC Spring 2005 CptS 322 course. Software Requirements Specification Lead Software Engineer Prepared for WSU-TC CptS 322—Software Engineering Principles I Instructor: A. David McKinnon, Ph. D. Spring 2005 Revision History Date |Description |Author |Comments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Document Approval The following Software Requirements Specification has been accepted and approved by the following: |Signature |Printed Name |Title |Date | | | |Lead Software Eng. | | | |A.David McKinnon |Instructor, CptS 322 | | | | | | | Table of Contents Revision Historyii Document Approvalii 1. Introduction1 1. 1 Purpose1 1. 2 Scope1 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 1. 4 References1 1. 5 Overview1 2. General Description2 2. 1 Product Perspective2 2. 2 Product Functions2 2. 3 User Characteristics2 2. 4 General Constraints2 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies2 3. Specific Requirements2 3. 1 External Interface Requirements3 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces3 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces3 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces3 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces3 3. 2 Functional Requirements3 3. 2. 1 3 3. 2. 2 3 3. 3 Use Cases3 3. 3. 1 Use Case #13 3. 3. 2 Use Case #23 3. Classes / Objects3 3. 4. 1 3 3. 4. 2 3 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements4 3. 5. 1 Performance4 3. 5. 2 Reliability4 3. 5. 3 Availability4 3. 5. 4 Security4 3. 5. 5 Maintainability4 3. 5. 6 Portability4 3. 6 Inverse Requirements4 3. 7 Design Constraints4 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements4 3. 9 Other Requirements4 4. Analysis Models4 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams5 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)5 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD)5 5. Change Management Process5 A. Appendices5 A. 1 Appendix 15 A. 2 Appendix 25 1. Introduction The introduction to the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document should provide an overview of the complete SRS document.While writing this document please remember that this document should contain all of the information needed by a software engineer to adequately design and implement the software product described by the requirements listed in this document. (Note: the following subsection annotates are largely taken from the IEEE Guide to SRS). 1. 1 Purpose What is the purpose of this SRS and the (intended) audience for which it is written. 1. 2 Scope This subsection should: (1) Identify the software product(s) to be produced by name; for example, Host DBMS, Report Generator, etc (2)Explain what the software product(s) will, and, if necessary, will not do (3)Describe the application of the software being specified. As a portion of this, it should: (a) Describe all relevant benefits, objectives, and goals as precisely as possible.For example, to say that one goal is to provide effective reporting capabilities is not as good as saying parameter-driven, user-definable reports with a 2 h turnaround and on-line entry of u ser parameters. (b) Be consistent with similar statements in higher-level specifications (for example, the System Requirement Specification) , if they exist. What is the scope of this software product. 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations This subsection should provide the definitions of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations required to properly interpret the SRS. This information may be provided by reference to one or more appendixes in the SRS or by reference to other documents. 1.4 References This subsection should: (1)Provide a complete list of all documents referenced elsewhere in the SRS, or in a separate, specified document. 2)Identify each document by title, report number – if applicable – date, and publishing organization. (3)Specify the sources from which the references can be obtained. This information may be provided by reference to an appendix or to another document. 1. 5 Overview This subsection should: (1) Describe what the rest of the SRS cont ains (2) Explain how the SRS is organized. 2. General Description This section of the SRS should describe the general factors that affect ‘the product and its requirements. It should be made clear that this section does not state specific requirements; it only makes those requirements easier to understand. 2. 1 Product PerspectiveThis subsection of the SRS puts the product into perspective with other related products or projects. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for more details). 2. 2 Product Functions This subsection of the SRS should provide a summary of the functions that the software will perform. 2. 3 User Characteristics This subsection of the SRS should describe those general characteristics of the eventual users of the product that will affect the specific requirements. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for more details).2. 4 General Constraints This subsection of the SRS should provide a general description of any other items that will limit the developer’s options for des igning the system. See the IEEE Guide to SRS for a partial list of possible general constraints). 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies This subsection of the SRS should list each of the factors that affect the requirements stated in the SRS. These factors are not design constraints on the software but are, rather, any changes to them that can affect the requirements in the SRS. For example, an assumption might be that a specific operating system will be available on the hardware designated for the software product. If, in fact, the operating system is not available, the SRS would then have to change accordingly. 3. Specific Requirements This will be the largest and most important section of the SRS.The customer requirements will be embodied within Section 2, but this section will give the D-requirements that are used to guide the project’s software design, implementation, and testing. Each requirement in this section should be: †¢ Correct †¢ Traceable (both forward and backward to prior/future artifacts) †¢ Unambiguous †¢ Verifiable (i. e. , testable) †¢ Prioritized (with respect to importance and/or stability) †¢ Complete †¢ Consistent †¢ Uniquely identifiable (usually via numbering like 3. 4. 5. 6) Attention should be paid to the carefuly organize the requirements presented in this section so that they may easily accessed and understood.Furthermore, this SRS is not the software design document, therefore one should avoid the tendency to over-constrain (and therefore design) the software project within this SRS. 3. External Interface Requirements 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces 3. 2 Functional Requirements This section describes specific features of the software project. If desired, some requirements may be specified in the use-case format and listed in the Use Cases Section. 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 1. 1 Introduction 3. 2. 1. 2 Inputs 3. 2. 1. 3 Processing 3. 2. 1. 4 Outputs 3. 2. 1. 5 Error Handling 3. 2. 2 †¦ 3. 3 Use Cases 3. 3. 1 Use Case #1 3. 3. 2 Use Case #2 †¦ 3. 4 Classes / Objects 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 1. 1 Attributes 3. 4. 1. 2 Functions 3. 4. 2 †¦ 3. 5 Non-Functional RequirementsNon-functional requirements may exist for the following attributes. Often these requirements must be achieved at a system-wide level rather than at a unit level. State the requirements in the following sections in measurable terms (e. g. , 95% of transaction shall be processed in less than a second, system downtime may not exceed 1 minute per day, ;gt; 30 day MTBF value, etc). 3. 5. 1 Performance 3. 5. 2 Reliability 3. 5. 3 Availability 3. 5. 4 Security3. 5. 5 Maintainability 3. 5. 6 Portability 3. 6 Inverse Requirements State any *useful* inverse requirements. 3. 7 Design Constraints Specify design constrains imposed by other standards, company policies, hardware limitation, etc. hat will impact this software project. 3. 8 Logic al Database Requirements Will a database be used? If so, what logical requirements exist for data formats, storage capabilities, data retention, data integrity, etc. 3. 9 Other Requirements Catchall section for any additional requirements. 4. Analysis Models List all analysis models used in developing specific requirements previously given in this SRS. Each model should include an introduction and a narrative description. Furthermore, each model should be traceable the SRS’s requirements. 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD) 5. Change Management ProcessIdentify and describe the process that will be used to update the SRS, as needed, when project scope or requirements change. Who can submit changes and by what means, and how will these changes be approved. A. Appendices Appendices may be used to provide additional (and hopefully helpful) information. If present, the SRS should explicitly state whether the information contain ed within an appendix is to be considered as a part of the SRS’s overall set of requirements. Example Appendices could include (initial) conceptual documents for the software project, marketing materials, minutes of meetings with the customer(s), etc. A. 1 Appendix 1 A. 2 Appendix 2

Bubonic Plague Essay - 2940 Words

When Bubonic Plague visited England in 1348, it was called the Great Mortality. We know it as the Black Death that lasted until 1352 and killed vast populations in Asia , North Africa , Europe , Iceland , and Greenland . In total, it extinguished as much as fifty percent of the worlds population. In England , bubonic plague on average killed at least one-third of all inhabitants between 1348 and 1349. In London alone, one out of two people died during the visitation. The bottom line is that every English man, woman, and child at the time encountered plague in some way, and all feared it. After 1352, the plague became endemic in England , flaring up routinely and then yearly from 1485 to 1670. Within those two centuries, the plague†¦show more content†¦Most major European centers felt the impact of the Black Death. It reached Sicily in 1346, Italy in early 1347, and towards the end of 1347 was in Marseilles , France . In 1348 it attacked Spain and spread throughout Germany and France . It arrived in London early in the same year and by 1349 was in Oxford and spread throughout England where it was present until 1359. Scotland was affected rather later. 2 â€Å"In any given period, the plague accomplished its work in three to six months and then faded from view. The plague came and went like a tornado -- its appearance and movement was totally unpredictable. In northern cities, the plague lay dormant in winter and then reappeared the following spring. In 1349, the plague reappeared at Paris and eventually spread to Holland , Scotland and Ireland . In Norway , a ghost shipped drifted offshore for months before it ran aground with its cargo of death. By the end of 1349, Sweden , Denmark , Prussia , Iceland and Greenland felt the full effects of the plague. The plague left nearly as quickly as it had appeared. By mid-1350, the plague had completed its deed across the continent of Europe †. 3 The mortality rate of the Black Death was horrendous. It is estimated in various parts of Europe at two-thirds to three-quarters of the population. In England it was even higher during the first wave. Some countries were less seriously affected. Shrewsbury, the author of ‘History of Bubonic Plague inShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague896 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Death The Bubonic Plague was likely the first semi-global pandemic that rightfully merits the name which means affecting all people. The period of time in which the disease wreaked havoc was also known as the â€Å"Black Death. Alexandere Yersin was a French bacteriologist and discovered the bacteria in Hong Kong This diabolical disease is characterized by both positive and negative outcomes for the few people that managed to survive the plague. The total number of people who died subsequentlyRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1848 Words   |  8 Pages The Bubonic Plague killed over twenty-five million people during the Elizabethan Era (David Perlin, PhD and Ann Cohen). â€Å"The origins of the Black Death can be traced back to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in the 1320’s (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al).† The Bubonic Plague has picked up many nicknames. For example, it has been called â€Å"The Black Death,† and â€Å"one of the four horsemen of the apocalypseâ €  (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al). The Bubonic Plague was very prominent during its time with many people’s lives beingRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 PagesBubonic plague is believed to have brought the Byzantine empire to its knees in the 6th century. This is the first ever documented record of bubonic plague in human history. But the fact that bubonic plague continues to afflict human population even today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections becauseRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe plague was a catastrophic time in history, and happened more than once. It took millions and millions of people’s lives. It destroyed cities and countries, and many people suffered from it. What is the plague? The plague or referred to as the Black Death, according to the CDC (2015), â€Å"is a disease that affects humans and other mammals and caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handlingRead MoreBubonic Plague2091 Words   |  9 Pageshttp://ponderosa-pine.uoregon.edu/students/Janis/menu.html Abstract Bubonic plague has had a major impact on the history of the world. Caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis, and transmitted by fleas often found on rats, bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. Burrowing rodent populations across the world keep the disease present in the world today. Outbreaks, though often small, still occur in many places. The use of antibiotics and increased scientific knowledgeRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1714 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics. The diffusion, history, and cure are just a couple universal aspects that contribute to the well known, yet unforgiving disease known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague diffused to many people during its time of dominance. To start, the Bubonic Plague is transmitted to other living organisms in a distinct way. The plague bacteria circulates among different populations of certain rodents without causing an excessive amount of rodent die-off (â€Å"Centers for Disease Control andRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague825 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plague Discussion Questions The Black Death was an epizootic bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium of rodents known as Yersinia pestis. The bubonic plague overwhelming effects of European history. The Black Death was considered one of the most â€Å"devastating pandemics† in human history. Whom Did the Black Death Affect The Black death affected mostly Europe. â€Å"The disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53.† (Paragraph 1) â€Å"By the endRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, was a severe outbreak of disease that spread in Europe in the 14th century from 1346-1353. The disease spread faster then originally expected of killing only twenty or thirty percent but killed 60 percent of Europe s population ( Benedictow). It is believed the population of Europe was around eighty million and that would add up to be fifty million deaths. It was a horrific death for one to experience and can still be found in the world todayRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague945 Words   |  4 Pages Essays 3. The bubonic plague was a devastating disease that rapidly swept across Europe. Also known as the Black Death, the plague spread from port to port and started to wipe out entire civilizations. All of Europe was eventually contaminated, with over two-thirds of the population dieing to the infectious disease. Believed to have started in 1346 when the Mongol armies overtook the Genoese trading outpost of Caffa on the Black Sea, over half the soldiers on the boat returned dead. The quicknessRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1938 Words   |  8 PagesBlack Plague DBQ   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bubonic Plague or Black Plague devastated Europe in the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries killing anywhere from twenty to twenty-five million people or about one-third of the continent’s population. At the time, medical knowledge was not competent for understanding why the deadly pathogen was spreading; therefore, the plague radiated like wildfire. The Europeans believed that the plague was a sort of divine punishment for the sins in which they had committed, and they

Influence and Power of Mass Media - 1311 Words

The topic of influence and power of mass media has become important among researchers of communication field since the moment it appeared. It is difficult to underestimate the potential and the role which mass media plays in people’s lives, still some of the researchers are concerned with relatively limited media’s control and impact on society. They claim that the content of a message is just one factor which defines the reaction of audiences; therefore, in order to decrease the chance of unexpected response to the message these factors have to be taken into account. The review is going to examine three studies, which are written by Fearing (1954), Tichenor, Donohue amp; Olien (1970) and Noelle-Neemann (1974). Fearing was the first out†¦show more content†¦Therefore Fearing says that it is extremely difficult for communicator to transmit ideas, because people decode them according to their values and believes. Tichenor et al., nevertheless, also came up with several factors which determine person’s exposure to information. In that way Fearing and Tichenor et al. agree on the following points that influence the way a person interprets a message: socioeconomic status, existing knowledge, cognitive structures and the nature of the medium. Socioeconomic status stands for education and the existing knowledge implies perceiving a message according to already stored information and experience. Cognitive structures allow a person to perceive information selectively according to his/her values and beliefs. And, finally, the nature of the medium is seen as helping to strengthen the content. Even though Fearing and Tichenor et al. have much in common, still the latter put educational background at the heart of their position, while Fearing has education as just one of the factors; he also refers to need-value-motivational system and situational factors. One of the Fearing situational factors is concerned with a climate of opinion, which is the main focus of the research for Noelle-Neemann. She found that before people express their own views they first observe opinion trends – which are the most popular, which are less; based on that people decide whether to express themselvesShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Mass Media1003 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone’s comprehension is different and unique in reality. When a person receives a message from mass media, he tells the message which is from mass media to another person. These two people understand what does this message means; however, they may have different comprehension of this message. People can think about each message and analyze a message in a different way because they have their own idea. For example, when people do a survey for a film, some people may think this film is very good;Read More‚Äà ºMass Media (Television, the Internet, Advertising) Influ ence Youth Too Much Nowadays.‚Äà ¹ to What Extent Is This True?794 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media (television, the internet, advertising) influence youth too much nowadays.† To what extent is this true? In the recent years, the prevalence of mass media has been undeniable. All over the world, youths have access to mass media through their smartphones, television sets and computers. In such a media-driven world, it is no surprise that mass media has come to play a substantial role in the attitudes and mindsets of youth. To a large extent, mass media does have the power to influenceRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1719 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world society believes that mass media plays a key role in shaping and communicating our culture. Mass Media is defined as a technological advancement of communication. People receive information about the world through mass media and it helps shape people’s beliefs, values, perception, and behavior. Mass media is a controversial topic among sociologists, many of them have differentiating opinions of how mass media is influencing people daily lives today. Through this research analysisRead MoreThe Effects Of Me dia On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questionsRead MoreMass Society Theory Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Mass Society Theory Comprised a vast workforce of people who lived isolated and unfulfilled lives. They were slaves to jobs, bosses and living in crowded urban settings . Their lives were consistent with Marx’s â€Å"alienated masses† Scholars blamed the media for the rise of fascism History of Mass Society Theory During the 1920’s, Hearst and Pulitzer changed their ways and became serious about reporting the news The American Society of Newspaper Editors formed and pledged toRead MoreEssay on Mass Medias Political Power967 Words   |  4 PagesMass Medias Political Power There are two main issues regarding media influence in politics 1. Does presentation and coverage affect voting behaviour and choices? 2. Do media have an impact on political struggle and decide nature of debates? Definitions of mass media Mass media are channels of communication through which messages flow, produced by a few for consumption by many people. As the messages go through the channels, they are distortedRead MoreThe Effect Of Mass Media On The Politics Of The United States896 Words   |  4 Pages Influence of Mass Media on the Politics of the United States Mass media can be a powerful tool, but it can also be a hindrance to the public if the facts are not checked. From the invention of the printing press, radio, television, and the internet mass media has revolutionized the way the public gathers information each and every day. Many of the sources we use for gaining knowledge and facts on current events today are controlled by a very small group. This small group controls many of the ideologiesRead MoreEffect of Media and Mass Communication Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is a powerful presence within the lives of others. It can be described as the main channel of mass communication. Media is often used to deliver a message to a large audience who are diverse. It can be written, broadcast or spoken. Media is a significant force within modern culture. Culture can be defined as the norms and values of a society. In our culture, the communications media hold an influential place in disseminating information, forming attitudes, and motivating behaviour. TechnologicalRead MoreMedia and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Mass Communications development on a Healthy Mature Culture This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferredRead MoreThe Political Economy And Cultural Studies Theories1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mass media plays an important role in the society by providing entertainment, information and acting as the government’s overseer. Several scholars have developed philosophies that help people understand how mass media fulfills its roles in the society. For example, Horkheimer and Adorno have constructed theories that explain the functions and impacts of mass media in the society across the globe (Mosco, 2008). The central theme in all mass communication models entails the meaning of media contents

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence an increasingly advance thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood (Oakley 2004). It was Piaget who first noted that children learned difficulty than adults do in the ways in which they thought about and interpreted the world (Oakley 2004). He’s ideas were that adults did not simply know more than children, but that their knowledge of the world was structured differently. Piaget suggested that children at different stages of their development thought about and interpreted their world in many different ways (Oakley 2004). Ther e are three main principals of Piaget’s theory along with the four stage of cognitive development that will be discussed in the paper below. Thanks to Piaget, the theory of cognitive development has made a significant impact in the way that teachers teach in the classroom today. Three Main Principles of Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory ofShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1045 Words   |  5 Pageshave shaped our understandings of the human mind and our behaviors. Jean Piaget was by no means an exception. 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Management Impact On The Worker of EasyJet Airlines Company

Questions: 1. Critically analyse how the approaches to management impact on the worker in each organisation/department?2. Compare and contrast the structure and culture of both organisations and explain how both impact on their business performance? 3. Identify and analyse the motivational theories you believe management at each of your chosen organisations adopt and evaluate the effectiveness of both in motivating the workforce? Answer: 1. The two companies the managerial approaches that best suits the organization. The airways industry is not so fluctuating in any manner so the application of the managerial approaches do not change as frequently. Though, the pattern of use may vary with change in the labour force. Shortfalls of Human resource approach at Cathay pacific airways: 1. Limited to classroom lectures: The HRM approach should include more training and development but it is actually confined to class room lectures and orientation. 2. Difficulty in assessing: The HRM approach is for the management as a whole and does not work for the organisation as a whole; hence it is difficult to assess the approach. Shortfalls of scientific management at EasyJet airways: 1. The Scientific approach is a classical approach so it gives the whole authority to the supervisors and to the employees, so the employees find less scope to develop and are not flexible in generating new ideas. 2. The job of the employees becomes very monotonous and they face boredom after a very short time. The scope of changing the environment is very less. The pattern of job is the same every day. 3. Due to excessive specialization of the supervisors/managers, the employees cannot take their own decisions. Shortfalls of Blue Ocean Strategy at EasyJet Airways: The Blue Ocean strategy is fine strategy for many firms, but in case of others it is like a fast moving strategy, cost, leadership, differentiation or focus strategy may be far more successful. Bleu Ocean model is a theoretical model that was revelation for many managers. The employees have very less to do with the strategy as it is completely under the control of the managers. Of course, the strategy is designed keeping in mind the welfare of the employees. The strategy has to do very little with the employees. 2. Easy jet is has an organizational culture that is committed to develop a high performance culture and promoting employee engagement. The company believes in delivering excellent customer service. The organisational culture of Easy jet is friendly and positive. They aim to render the best services to its customers, in order to attain this aim they have maintained an excellent chain of communication with their employees. The employees enjoy working in the organization and the rate of absenteeism is slow. 2012 2013 Attendance rate of the staff 95% 96% Employee turnover 7.5% 6.5% [SOURCE: (corporate.easyjet.com, 2015)] The source showing the attendance percentage of the employees of Easy Jet shows the low rate of absenteeism and employee turnover rate in the organization. In the year 2012, the staff attendance was 95% and it rose to 96% in the year 2013. There was increase in the level of attendance in the succeeding year. The same goes with the rate of staff turnover rate. The staff turnover rate was 7.5% in the year and 6.5% in the year 2013. This shows a declining level of staff turnover, which means the employees are well satisfied with the management and its policies. Recognition and Rewards to the employees: The company offers a spirited reward package and salaries to its employees for good performances. The company focuses to provide its employees more cash benefits than fixed salaries. The incentive package includes a bonus that is driven by an annual performance, the company also provides benefits based on personal and company performance, it grants shares to its executives (McShane, Travaglione and Olekalns, 2012). The company based on the performance of the airline encourages its employees with good yearly bonus so that continue to be a part of the strategic development of the company (Shaw, 2011). Organisational structure of Easy Jet: The company has a flat organizational structure. There are very few hierarchical levels and symbols in the structure. Sources (Corporate.easyjet.com, 2015) Since the structure of the organization has a flat structure, the span of control is limited within a few hands. The authority to order is also low. This helps the organization in handling confusion of delegation. The work process is simple and easy to delegate (Mattes, 2011). The impact of this organizational structure and organizational culture: 1. The organizational culture is simple and positive, they aim to achieve excellence and this obviously has a positive impact on the company. 2. Employees in the company understand the meaning of a cultured organisation. Organisational culture at Cathay airways: The organisational culture at Cathay airways is very collaborative. They have an employee assistance programme that supports its staffs. Information and counselling are provided to employees on work related issues, employee grievances, trauma etc. this employee assistance programme helps the company in being more attached to its employees (Flouris and Lock, 2009). In fact, Cathay airways are a very employee friendly organization that supports its employee. The company also has a huge employee retention capability (Cathay Pacific, 2015). The work cultural at Cathay airways promotes diversity, mutual respect and trust. This is not seen in all the companies in Hong Kong (Nyampong, 2013). Australia 1% Canada 5% Hong Kong 51% India 2% Indonesia 3% Japan 6% Korea 3% Malaysia 6% Philippines 6% Singapore 3% Taiwan 6% Thailand 3% United Kingdom 3% United States 3% Organisational structure of Cathay airways: The organisational structure of Cathay airways is also flat. The companies in aviation industry generally prefer to have flat organizational structure. This organizational structure as mentioned above is very simple and easy to understand by the employees. The span of control is in few hands just like Easy Jet airways and the benefit is to both the employees and the organisations. The organisation does not have to spend much on getting huge paid executives and they do not face confusion of a huge organization structure (Buelens, 2011). Leadership at the companies Leadership at EasyJet Airlines Company is something that the company values. They believe that the success comes from the people within the organization. Thus the company ensures that it has capable leaders and managers who will drive the people to deliver results in the present and in the future. The company spends considerable time developing leadership teams and incorporating leadership qualities in the people. this is done so that he leaders of the company are able to understand the strategies of the company. Moreover it allows the company to understand the challenges associated with the business and also lead the teams so that they are able to deliver according to the strategies of the company. The company introduced a management development programme so as to train the employees and also to help the people to understand the way the company earns commercial success with the help of the employees. In Cathay airways the people or the employees are managed by the respective departments in Dragonair, Cathay Pacific, and their subsidiaries. At Cathay Pacific, this is leaded by their Director Personnel and by the Head of Personnel at Dragonair. The companys code of conduct sets out the rules and the principles that are to be followed by the employees for achieving the commercial success of the company. The rules see that the employees of the company and also the subsidiary are maintains the rules regarding the code of conduct and the respect for the organisation are to be ensured by giving them proper guidelines. The company aims to make sure that their employees are flexible, productive, and competent and also operate within a fit environment. The company ensures this through a process of training and development programmes. The company attempts to handle the people in a method that recognises variety and diversity. 3. Maslow`s need hierarchy states about the various needs of an employee at work. This needs have to satisfy so that an employee can work properly in an organization. The first need that Maslow talks about is the biological or the physiological needs. This comprises of the basic need that a normal human being has. This need includes food, water, shelter, sleep, sex etc. the next need that Maslow has propounded is the safety needs. The safety needs includes social security, stability, freedom from fear etc. An employee then tries to satisfy his needs for belongingness and love. This friendship, affection and love are very important needs as man is a social being and he cannot live alone on this world. A man feels motivated when he has family and love bonding. When a man has fulfilled his needs of love and affection, he starts looking for esteem needs. Esteem is a very important factor. His self-respect, prestige, and dominance make him feel his existence in the society. The final stag e of self- actualization then arrives. In self-actualization, a person goes above all the bondages of life. He tries to find out his true potentials and self-fulfilment. He peaks off experiences and achieves self-fulfilment and growth (Bissell, 2012). In Cathay airways the employees are motivated by the Maslow`s need hierarchy theory. The physiological needs are satisfied as the employees are well paid and the issue of survival are secured. The security needs are fulfilled by stable working conditions and ample of benefits that an employee gains from the work. Very cooperative peers and good employers satisfy the social concerning needs of the employees. The respect and recognition needs are fulfilled by the incentives and job titles that they earn at work. When the employees achieve a level of self-actualization they become the subject matter experts and attain a higher level of achievements and gain huge respect in the organization (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart, 2009). The Glass ceiling theory of motivation: The Glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that restricts an individual from achieving success in an organization. It is mostly seen in the situation of an individual`s gender, ethnicity, age etc This is seen mostly at a workplace. An example of glass ceiling would be that of with women. Woman in an organization with better education, merit and talent than any male employee is not promoted to higher position, regardless of better skills this is glass ceiling theory. In this (A, 2013) theory it is propounded that nothing can stop a woman from rising in a hierarchy. However, in real life the female employees face many troubles at work place. Employees in an organization irrespective of their age, sex and other abilities are entitled to get promoted to various higher positions but when some barriers restrict them from doing so come under the purview of glass ceiling theory. In Easy Jet airways, the woman employees are given fair chances and the flight crew of the airways comprises of huge female employees. These female employees have been able to help the company in many ways to develop the business. The company truly believes in encouraging female power. The manager in the company is mostly females who look after the various departments. Conclusion Managing employees and organization takes into account the various approaches and the approaches that are used in EasyJet airways and Cathay airways discussed in the study. The motivational theories that encourage employees to perform well should be implemented in the organization. These theories help the organization in employee engagement, their development, retention and motivation. Some employees welcome this organizational culture and structure and there are employees who face trouble in doing so. The managers have to be very precise in dealing with such employees because this becomes the basis of employee retention and turnovers. The organization has to involve its employees in all the planning; it would make the employee feel included and valued. The organizations while applying the motivational theories also try to take feedbacks whether the employees really feel motivated or not. The employee`s annual performance analysis is very necessary to estimate the approaches of manag ement. Recommendation Both the companies must ensure that they handle the employees well so that they help in realising the goals of the organisation. Moreover the employees need to have proper training so that they are able to work along with the changing demands of the organisation as well as the airlines industry. The person who avails this mode of transport seeks comfort and luxuries. The employees must ensure that the people are getting what they need and their requirements are fulfilled. The employees must be motivated and properly incentivised so that they are motivated to work hard and they associate with their work. Moreover the employees needs to feel assure that the management are by their side during the time of emergencies. Constant training to the employees can improve their performances and they will also be motivated and their performances will also be improved. References A, M. (2013).Organisational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Abdelghany, A. and Abdelghany, K. (2009).Modeling applications in the airline industry. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C. (2009).The global airline industry. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley. Bissell, G. (2012).Organisational behaviour for social work. Bristol, UK: Policy. Buelens, M. (2011).Organisational Behaviour. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Cathay Pacific, (2015).Start your adventure with Cathay Pacific today. [online] Available at: https://www.cathaypacific.com/cx/en_IN.html?cm_mmc=SEM-IN-_-GEN-MKT-27JAN15-_-GOOGLE-_-Brand_EN_Sitelink_2014_Exact-BCX_EN_sitelink_2014-cathay+pacific+com-61679380578 [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Corporate.easyjet.com, (2015).High performance culture - easyJet plc. [online] Available at: https://corporate.easyjet.com/corporate-responsibility/our-people/high-performance-culture.aspx?sc_lang=en [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015]. Flouris, T. and Lock, D. (2009).Managing aviation projects from concept to completion. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Mattes, J. (2011).Innovation in Multinational Companies. Frankfurt: Lang, Peter, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. McShane, S., Travaglione, A. and Olekalns, M. (2012).Organisational behaviour. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw Hill Australia. Nyampong, Y. (2013).Insuring the air transport industry against aviation war and terrorism risks and allied perils. Berlin: Springer. Shaw, S. (2011).Airline marketing and management. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. Stolzer, A., Halford, C. and Goglia, J. (2011).Implementing safety management systems in aviation. Surrey, England: Ashgate. Williams, A. (2009).Contemporary issues shaping China's civil aviation policy. Farnham, England: Ashgate.